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* Ethnic Aceh in Aceh: Aceh Besar district
* Base Rate in Southeast Aceh district
* Ethnic Alor in East Nusa Tenggara: Alor regency
* Interest in the city of Ambon Ambon
* Ethnic Ampana in Central Sulawesi
* Tribe Child in Jambi
* Ethnic Aneuk Jamee in Aceh Selatan, Aceh Barat Daya District
* Ethnic Arab-Indonesia
* Ethnic Aru in Maluku: Aru Islands
* Asmat in Papua
* Interest in Lampung Abung
B
* Interest in Bali Bali comprises:
o Interest in most of the Majapahit Bali Bali
o Interest in Karangasem Bali Aga and Kintamani
* Ethnic Balantak in Central Sulawesi
* Ethnic Banggai in Central Sulawesi: Banggai Islands
* Bedouin Tribe in Banten
* Bajau Tribe in East Kalimantan
* Interest in Bangka Belitung Bangka
* Tribe Banjar in South Kalimantan
* Tribe Batak in North Sumatra comprises:
o Interest in the district Karo Karo
o Interest in the district Mandailing Mandailing Natal
o Interest in the district of South Tapanuli Angkola
o Interest in district Toba Toba Samosir
o Interest in the district Pakpak Pakpak Bharat
o Interest in the district Simalungun Simalungun
* Spare Inner in Jambi
* Ethnic Bawean in East Java: Gresik
* Interest in Bangka Belitung Islands
* Ethnic large splotch in South Sulawesi
* Interest Berau in East Kalimantan: the Berau regency
* Tribe Betawi in Jakarta
* Interest Milky NTB: Bima city
* Ethnic Boti in the district of Timor Tengah Selatan
* Ethnic Bolang Mongondow in North Sulawesi: Bolaang Mongondow
* Bugis in South Sulawesi
o People Pagatan Bugis in South Kalimantan, Kusan Hilir, Tanah Bumbu
* Ethnic Bungku in Central Sulawesi: Morowali District
* Ethnic Buru in the Moluccas: Buru Regency
* Ethnic Buol in Central Sulawesi: Buol Regency
* Ethnic Buton in Southeast Sulawesi: Buton District and City of Bau-Bau
* Ethnic Bonai in Riau: Rokan Hilir Regency
D
* Interest in Mimika Damal
* Ethnic Dampeles in Central Sulawesi
* Dani tribe in Papua: Baliem
* Ethnic Dairi in North Sumatra
* The Dayak comprises:
o The Dayak in West Kalimantan Banyadu
o Interest Bakati in West Kalimantan
o Central Kalimantan Punan
o Interest Kanayatn in West Kalimantan
o Tribe Iban in West Kalimantan
o Interest Mualang in West Kalimantan: Sekadau, Sintang
o Interest Bidayuh in West Kalimantan: Sanggau
o Interest in West Mali
o Interest Seberuang in West Kalimantan: Sintang
o Interest Sekujam in West Kalimantan: Sintang
o Interest Sekubang in West Kalimantan: Sintang
o Interest Ketungau in West Kalimantan
o Tribe Village in West Kalimantan
o Tribe Sleep in West Kalimantan
o Ot Danum or Dohoi Tribe in Central Kalimantan and West Kalimantan
o Interest Limbai in West Kalimantan
o Interest Kebahan in West Kalimantan
o Interest Pawan in West Kalimantan
o Interest Tebidah in West Kalimantan
o Interest Bakumpai in South Barito Kuala
o People Barangas in South Barito Kuala
o Hill Tribe in South Kalimantan
+ People Dayak Pitap at High Cliff, Balangan, South Kalimantan
o The Dayak Hulu Banyu in South Kalimantan
o Balangan Dayak Tribe in South Kalimantan
o Ethnic Village Deyah in South Kalimantan: Tabalong
o Interest Ngaju in Central Kalimantan Kapuas
o Interest in Central Kalimantan Joyless Day: Joyless Kingdom
o Interest in Central Kalimantan Bara Him: South Barito
o Ot Danum Tribe in Central Kalimantan
o Interest in Central Kalimantan Lawangan
o The Dayak in Central Kalimantan Bawo: South Barito
o Tribe Tunjung, West Kutai, clump Ot Danum
o Tribe Benuaq, West Kutai, clump Ot Danum
o Tribe Bentian, West Kutai, clump Ot Danum
o Tribe Bukat, West Kutai
o Tribe Busang, West Kutai
o Tribe Ohong, West Kutai
o Kayan Tribe, West Kutai, clump Apo Kayan
o Tribe Bahau, West Kutai, clump Apo Kayan
o Tribe Penihing, West Kutai, clump Punan
o Punan, West Kutai, clump Punan
o Tribe Modang, East Kutai, clump Punan
o Tribe Basap, Bontang, East Kutai
o Interest in Berau Ahe
o Tribe Tagol, Malinau, clumps Murut
o Tribe Brusu, Malinau, clumps Murut
o Tribe Kenyah, Malinau, clumps Apo Kayan
o Tribe Lundayeh, Malinau
o Sand Tribe in East Kalimantan: Regency Sand
o Tribe Village in Central Kalimantan
o Interest Maanyan in Central Kalimantan: East Barito
+ People Maanyan Paju Sapuluh
+ People Maanyan Paju Epat
+ People Maanyan Dayu
+ People Maanyan Nails
+ People Maanyan Five Continents Five Maanyan Paju
+ People Dayak Warukin in Tanta, Tabalong, South Kalimantan
+ Spare Samihim, North Pamukan, Kotabaru, South Kalimantan
* Interest Dompu NTB: District Dompu
* Tribe Donggo, Bima
* Ethnic Donggala in Central Sulawesi
* Ethnic Duri Located in the northern part bordering Enrekang Tana Toraja District, covering three main sub Anggeraja, Baraka, and Alla in South Sulawesi
E
* Rates Europe-Indonesia (the Indo-European or Indonesian Peranakan)
F
* Tribe of Flores in East Nusa Tenggara: East Flores
G
* Gayo tribe in Aceh: Aceh Tengah Gayo Lues Bener Meriah
* Interest in Gorontalo Gorontalo: Gorontalo City
* Ethnic Gumai in South Sumatra: Lahat
I
* India-Indonesia Tribe
J
* Interest in Banten Banten
* Ethnic Cirebon in West Java: Cirebon City
* The Javanese in Central Java, East Java, DI Yogyakarta
o The Tengger tribe in East Java
o Interest Osing in East Java: Banyuwangi
o Interest in Central Java Samin: Purwodadi
* Ethnic Jambi in Jambi: Jambi City
K
* Interest in Southeast Maluku Kei: Southeast Maluku Regency and Tual City
* Kaili tribe in Central Sulawesi: Palu
* Ethnic Kaur in Bengkulu: District Kaur
* Spare the Great Wood in South Sumatra
* Ethnic Kerinci in Jambi: Kerinci Regency
* Ethnic Komering in South Sumatra: Komering Ogan Ilir, Baturaja
* Tribe Konjo Mountains, Gowa regency, South Sulawesi
* Tribe Konjo Coastal, Bulukumba, South Sulawesi
* Kubu tribe in Jambi and South Sumatra
* Ethnic Kulawi in Central Sulawesi
* Interest Kutai in East Kalimantan: Kukar
* Ethnic Kluet in Aceh: Aceh Selatan
* Ethnic Krui in Lampung
L
* Tribe of the Sea, Riau Islands
* Interest in Lampung, Lampung
* Ethnic Lematang in South Sumatra
* Tribe Lembak, Rejang Lebong, Bengkulu
* Tribe latitude, South Sumatra
* Tribe Lom, Bangka Belitung
* Ethnic Lore, Central Sulawesi
* Tribe Lubu, the border between the Province of North Sumatra and West Sumatra Province
M
* Ethnic Madura in East Java
* Ethnic Makassar in South Sulawesi: Gowa, Takalar, District Jeneponto, Bantaeng, Bulukumba (part), District Sinjai (part border Gowa District) Maros Regency (partial) Pangkep (partial) Makassar
* Interest Mamasa (West Toraja) in West Sulawesi: District Mamasa
* Mandar tribe of West Sulawesi: Polewali Mandar
* The Malays
o The Malays in Riau Riau
o The Malays Tamiang in Aceh: Aceh Tamiang
* Mentawai Tribe in West Sumatra Mentawai Islands District
* Ethnic Minahasa in North Sulawesi: Minahasa regency consisting 9 subetnik:
o Interest Babontehu
o Interest Bantik
o Interest pasan Ratahan
o Interest Ponosakan
o Interest Tonsea
o Interest Tontemboan
o Interest Toulour
o Interest Tonsawang
o Interest Tombulu
* The Minangkabau, West Sumatra
* Tribe Mori, Morowali regency, Central Sulawesi
* Tribe Muko-Muko in Bengkulu: District Mukomuko
* Ethnic Muna in Southeast Sulawesi: Muna
* Interest in the District Digoel Muyu, Papua
* Interest in Sulawes Mekongga Southeast: Kolaka and North Kolaka
N
* Ethnic Nias in North Sumatra: District of Nias, South Nias
O
* Ethnic Osing in Banyuwangi in East Java
* Ethnic Ogan of South Sumatra
* Ethnic OCU in Kampar regency, Riau
P
* Tribe of Papua / New Guinea
o Asmat Regency Asmat
o Interest in Biak Biak Numfor
o Dani tribe, Baliem Valley, Papua
o Tribe Ekagi, Paniai area, Abepura, Papua
o Amungme in Mimika
o Tribe Bauzi, Mamberamo downstream, northern Papua
o Interest in Manokwari Arfak
o Kamoro in Mimika
* Ethnic Palembang in South Sumatra: Palembang City
* Ethnic Pamona of Central Sulawesi: Poso
* Ethnic Pasemah in South Sumatra
* Ethnic Pesisi in North Sumatra: Central Tapanuli
* Sand Tribe in East Kalimantan: Regency Sand
R
* Swamp Tribe, Rokan Hilir, Riau
* Rejang in Bengkulu: Kepahiang Regency, Regency Lebong, and Rejang Lebong
* Interest Rote in East Nusa Tenggara: Rote Ndao District
* Ethnic cavity at NTT East Manggarai Regency
S
* Ethnic Saluan in Central Sulawesi
* Interest Sambas (Malay Sambas) in West Kalimantan: Sambas
* Ethnic Sangir in North Sulawesi: Sangihe Islands
* Sasak tribe in NTB, Lombok
* Tribe checkmate Bangka
* Ethnic Sekayu in South Sumatra
* Ethnic Semendo in Bengkulu, South Sumatra: Muara Enim
* Ethnic Serawai in Bengkulu: Bengkulu South and Seluma District
* Ethnic Simeulue in Aceh: Simeulue District
o Interest Sigulai in Aceh: northern Simeulue District
* Tribe of Sumbawa in NTB: Sumbawa
* Interest in East Sumba: West Sumba, East Sumba
* Sundanese in West Java
T
* Ethnic Talaud in North Sulawesi: Islands Talaud
* Talang Mamak in Riau: Indragiri Hulu
* Ethnic Tamiang in Aceh: Aceh Tamiang
* Tengger tribe in East Java, Pasuruan and Probolinggo slope G. Bromo
* Ethnic Ternate in North Maluku: Ternate
* Ethnic Tidore in North Maluku: Tidore
* Interest in East Timor, Kupang
* Ethnic Chinese-Indonesian
o The Chinese Trenches in Pelaihari, Tanah Laut, South Kalimantan
* Ethnic Tojo in Central Sulawesi: Tojo Una-Una
* Ethnic Toraja in South Sulawesi: Tana Toraja
* Ethnic Tolaki in Southeast Sulawesi: Kendall
* Ethnic Toli Toli in Central Sulawesi: Toli-Toli
* Ethnic Tomini in Central Sulawesi: District Moutong Parigi
U
* Una-una Tribe in Central Sulawesi: Tojo Una-Una
* Ulu tribe in northern Sumatra: Mandailing Natal
W
* Ethnic Wolio in Southeast Sulawesi
wikipedia.org
The first stanzas of Indonesia Raya was chosen as the national anthem when Indonesia proclaimed its independence on August 17, 1945.
Indonesia Raya played at the flag ceremony. Indonesian flag was raised to solemn and movement that is positioned so that the flag reached the top of the flagpole when the song ended. The main flag-raising ceremony is held every year on 17 August to commemorate Indonesia's independence day. The ceremony is presided by the President of Indonesia.
History
When publishing Indonesia Raya in 1928, Wage Rudolf Soepratman clearly write "national anthem" Indonesia Raya under the title. Indonesia Raya song text was first published by Sin Po newspaper.
After echoed in 1928 before the Second Youth Congress participants with the violin, the Dutch East Indies colonial government soon banned the mention of the national anthem of Indonesia Raya. Nevertheless, the youth did not flinch. They sang that song by saying "Your Majesty, Your Majesty!" (Instead of "Merdeka, Merdeka!") On the chorus. However, they still regard the song as national anthem. Furthermore, Indonesia Raya song always be sung at every meeting of political parties. After Indonesian independence, the song was designated as a symbol of national unity song Nationality.
But when describing the results of the Festival Film Indonesia (FFI) 2006 of the controversial and the compass in the 1990s, Remy Sylado, a senior Indonesian cultural experts and artists say that the song Indonesia Raya is a plagiarism of a song that was created in the 1600s titled Lekka Lekka Pinda Pinda. Kaye A. Solapung, a music observer, perceive Remy article in Kompas on December 22, 1991. He said that Remy repeats allegations merely Amir Pasaribu in the 1950s. He also said by quoting Amir Pasaribu that in music literature, there are songs Lekka Lekka Pinda Pinda in the Netherlands, as well as the Boola-Boola in the United States. Solapung then dissect the songs. According to him, the song Boola-boola and Lekka Lekka not exactly match the Indonesia Raya, with only eight tap similar. So is the use of Chord is clearly different. Thus, he concludes that Indonesia Raya was not plagiarized.
Manuscript in Sin Po newspaper (1928) Lagu Indonesia Raya created by WR Supratman and echoed the first time in public on October 28, 1928 Youth Congress in Jakarta (at age 25 years), and distributed by Sin Po newspaper in the edition in November 1928. The manuscript was written by WR Supratman with Ladder Tone C (natural) and with a record Terlaloe Do not be quick, while other sources have been written by WR Supratman on Stairs Tone G (according to the general ability of people to sing in the range of a - e) and with the rhythm of Marcia, Jos Cleber (1950) writes with a rhythm Maestoso con bravura (metronome speed of 104).
Symphonic arrangement Jos Cleber (1950)
Musically, this song has been glorified - in fact - by the Dutch (or Belgian) named Jos Cleber (at that time he was 34 years old) who died in 1999 at the age of 83. After receiving a request the Head of Studio Jusuf Ronodipuro RRI Jakarta in 1950, even Jos Cleber develop new arrangements, the perfection he did after also receiving input from President Sukarno.
Original recording (1950) and re-record (1997)
The original recording of Jos Cleber Cosmopolitan Orchestra in 1950 from Jakarta, has played and recorded digitally in Australia back in 1997 based on the score Jos Cleber stored in RRI Jakarta, by the Victoria Philharmonic under the direction of Addie MS
The original lyrics, spelling, 1958, and EYD
Original Lyrics (1928)
INDONESIA RAJA
I
Indonesia, tanah airkoe,
Tanah toempah darahkoe,
Disanalah akoe berdiri,
Mendjaga Pandoe Iboekoe.
Indonesia kebangsaankoe,
Kebangsaan tanah airkoe,
Marilah kita berseroe:
"Indonesia Bersatoe".
Hidoeplah tanahkoe,
Hidoeplah neg'rikoe,
Bangsakoe, djiwakoe, semoea,
Bangoenlah rajatnja,
Bangoenlah badannja,
Oentoek Indonesia Raja.
II
Indonesia, tanah jang moelia,
Tanah kita jang kaja,
Disanalah akoe hidoep,
Oentoek s'lama-lamanja.
Indonesia, tanah poesaka,
Poesaka kita semoea,
Marilah kita mendoa:
"Indonesia Bahagia".
Soeboerlah tanahnja,
Soeboerlah djiwanja,
Bangsanja, rajatnja, semoeanja,
Sedarlah hatinja,
Sedarlah boedinja,
Oentoek Indonesia Raja.
III
Indonesia, tanah jang soetji,
Bagi kita disini,
Disanalah kita berdiri,
Mendjaga Iboe sedjati.
Indonesia, tanah berseri,
Tanah jang terkoetjintai,
Marilah kita berdjandji:
"Indonesia Bersatoe"
S'lamatlah rajatnja,
S'lamatlah poet'ranja,
Poelaoenja, laoetnja, semoea,
Madjoelah neg'rinja,
Madjoelah Pandoenja,
Oentoek Indonesia Raja.
Refrain
Indones', Indones',
Moelia, Moelia,
Tanahkoe, neg'rikoe jang koetjinta.
Indones', Indones',
Moelia, Moelia,
Hidoeplah Indonesia Raja.
Official Lyrics (1958)
INDONESIA RAJA
I
Indonesia tanah airku,
Tanah tumpah darahku,
Disanalah aku berdiri,
Djadi pandu ibuku.
Indonesia kebangsaanku,
Bangsa dan tanah airku,
Marilah kita berseru,
Indonesia bersatu.
Hiduplah tanahku,
Hiduplah neg'riku,
Bangsaku, Rajatku, sem'wanja,
Bangunlah djiwanja,
Bangunlah badannja,
Untuk Indonesia Raja.
II
Indonesia, tanah jang mulia,
Tanah kita jang kaja,
Disanalah aku berdiri,
Untuk s'lama-lamanja.
Indonesia, tanah pusaka,
P'saka kita semuanja,
Marilah kita mendoa,
Indonesia bahagia.
Suburlah tanahnja,
Suburlah djiwanja,
Bangsanja, Rajatnja, sem'wanja,
Sadarlah hatinja,
Sadarlah budinja,
Untuk Indonesia Raja.
III
Indonesia, tanah jang sutji,
Tanah kita jang sakti,
Disanalah aku berdiri,
Ndjaga ibu sejati.
Indonesia, tanah berseri,
Tanah jang aku sajangi,
Marilah kita berdjandji,
Indonesia abadi.
S'lamatlah rakjatnja,
S'lamatlah putranja,
Pulaunja, lautnja, sem'wanja,
Madjulah Neg'rinja,
Madjulah pandunja,
Untuk Indonesia Raja.
Refrain
Indonesia Raja,
Merdeka, merdeka,
Tanahku, neg'riku jang kutjinta!
Indonesia Raja,
Merdeka, merdeka,
Hiduplah Indonesia Raja.
Modern Lyric
INDONESIA RAYA
I
Indonesia tanah airku,
Tanah tumpah darahku,
Di sanalah aku berdiri,
Jadi pandu ibuku.
Indonesia kebangsaanku,
Bangsa dan tanah airku,
Marilah kita berseru,
Indonesia bersatu.
Hiduplah tanahku,
Hiduplah neg'riku,
Bangsaku, Rakyatku, semuanya,
Bangunlah jiwanya,
Bangunlah badannya,
Untuk Indonesia Raya.
II
Indonesia, tanah yang mulia,
Tanah kita yang kaya,
Di sanalah aku berdiri,
Untuk s'lama-lamanya.
Indonesia, tanah pusaka,
P'saka kita semuanya,
Marilah kita mendoa,
Indonesia bahagia.
Suburlah tanahnya,
Suburlah jiwanya,
Bangsanya, Rakyatnya, semuanya,
Sadarlah hatinya,
Sadarlah budinya,
Untuk Indonesia Raya.
III
Indonesia, tanah yang suci,
Tanah kita yang sakti,
Di sanalah aku berdiri,
N'jaga ibu sejati.
Indonesia, tanah berseri,
Tanah yang aku sayangi,
Marilah kita berjanji,
Indonesia abadi.
S'lamatlah rakyatnya,
S'lamatlah putranya,
Pulaunya, lautnya, semuanya,
Majulah Neg'rinya,
Majulah pandunya,
Untuk Indonesia Raya.
Refrain
Indonesia Raya,
Merdeka, merdeka,
Tanahku, neg'riku yang kucinta!
Indonesia Raya,
Merdeka, merdeka,
Hiduplah Indonesia Raya.
From :: Wikipedia
The word "Indonesia" is derived from the Latin Indus, meaning "Indian" and Nesos Greek word meaning "island". Thus, the Indonesian word meaning Hindiakepulauan territory, or island in the Indies, which indicates that this name is formed long before Indonesia became a sovereign state. In 1850, George Earl, a British ethnologist, originally proposed the term Indunesia and Malayunesia to residents' Indian Islands or Malay Archipelago ", Students from Earl, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym of the word Indian Islands. However, Dutch academics writing in the media do not use the word Dutch Indies Indonesia, but the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); Dutch East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), or Indian (Indië); East (de Oost); and even Insulinde (this term introduced in 1860 in the novel Max Havelaar (1859), written by Multatuli, the criticism of Dutch colonialism). Since 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in the academic environment outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. Adolf Bastian at the University of Berlin popularize this name through the book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884-1894. Indonesian students who used it first is Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he founded the Dutch news agency in the name Indonesisch Press Bureau in 1913.
History
Fossilized remains of Homo erectus, which the anthropologist is also dubbed "Java Man", raises allegations that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago. Austronesian people, who form the majority population at the time, migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived at around 2000 BC, and causes the Melanesian nation that has existed there earlier pushed into remote areas in the eastern islands, where the ideal conditions for agriculture, and control of rice cultivation since at least the 8th century BC , leading to many villages, towns, and small kingdoms grow well in the first century AD. In addition, Indonesia is located in the international sea trade routes and inter-island, cruise lines have become between India and China for several centuries. History of Indonesia subsequently experienced a lot of influence from these trading activities under the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism, several kingdoms formed on the island of Borneo, Sumatra, and Java since the 4th century until the 14th century. Kutai, the oldest kingdom in the archipelago that stands in the 4th century in the Mahakam river, East Kalimantan. In the western region of Java island, in the 4th century until the 7th century AD stand Tarumanegara kingdom. Tarumanagara government followed by the Kingdom of Sunda from the year 669 AD to 1579 AD In the 7th century Malay kingdom appears centered in Jambi, Sumatra. Srivijaya Malay defeat and emerged as the most powerful maritime kingdom in the archipelago. Territory covering Sumatra, Java, Malay peninsula, while controlling commerce in the Strait of Malacca, Sunda Strait, and South China Sea. Under the influence of Srivijaya, between the 8th century and the 10th dynasty and the Sanjaya dynasty managed to develop agriculture-based kingdoms in Java, with its historical relics such as temples of Borobudur and Prambanan temple. At the end of the 13th century, Majapahit stood in the eastern part of Java island. Under the leadership of Mahapatih Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia; and is often called "Golden Age" in Indonesian history. The arrival of Arab traders and Persian through Gujarat, India, and then brought the Islamic religion. In addition, Chinese sailors, led by Admiral Cheng Ho (Zheng He), the religion of Islam, also never stop in this region at the beginning of the 15th century The traders are also spread the Islamic religion in some parts of the archipelago. Pasai Ocean, established in 1267, is the first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia.
When Europeans arrived in the early 16th century, they found several kingdoms which they can easily be mastered in order to dominate the spice trade. Portuguese first landed in two ports of Banten and Sunda Kingdom of Sunda Kelapa, but can be evicted and moved to the east and master the Moluccas. In the 17th century, the Dutch emerged as the strongest among the other European countries, beating the United Kingdom and Portugal (except for their colony, Portuguese Timor). At that time Christianity arrived in Indonesia as one of the old imperialist mission, known as 3G, that is Gold, Glory, and Gospel. Dutch control of Indonesia as a colony until World War II, initially through the VOC, and then directly by the Dutch government since the beginning of the 19th century. Under the system cultuurstelsel (Investment Systems) in the 19th century, large plantations and forced cultivation implemented in Java, finally generate profits for the Dutch East India Company which can not be reproduced. During the colonial administration a freer after 1870, the system was abolished. After 1901 the Dutch introduced the Ethical Policy, which included limited political reform and greater investment in the Dutch East Indies.
During World War II, when Holland was occupied by Germany, Japan controlled Indonesia. After getting Indonesia in 1942, Japan saw that the fighters Indonesia is a co-trading cooperative and willing to deploy troops when needed. Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, KH. Mas Mansur, and Ki Hajar Dewantara given an award by the Emperor of Japan in 1943. In March 1945 the Japanese formed a committee for Indonesian independence. After the Pacific war ended in 1945, under pressure from youth organizations, Soekarno-Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945. After independence, the three founders of the nation namely Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and Sutan Sjahrir each served as president, vice presidents, and prime minister. In an effort to regain control of Indonesia, the Dutch sent their troops.
Bloody efforts to curb this freedom movement came to be known by the Dutch as 'police action' (Politionele Actie), or known by the people of Indonesia as the Military Aggression.
Dutch finally accepted the right of Indonesia to independence on December 27, 1949 as a federal state called the Republic of Indonesia States after receiving strong pressure from the international community, especially the United States. Integral Natsir motion on August 17, 1950, calling for the return of the unitary state of Indonesia and dissolve the United States of Indonesia. Sukarno returned as president with Mohammad Hatta as vice president and Mohammad Natsir as prime minister.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the government of Sukarno began to follow at once pioneering non-aligned movement at first, then became closer to socialist bloc, for example, People's Republic of China and Yugoslavia. In the 1960s witnessed the occurrence of military confrontation against neighboring countries, Malaysia ("Confrontation"), and dissatisfaction with the growing economic difficulties. Subsequently in 1965 erupted G30S incident which caused the death of 6 people generals and a number of other middle-ranking officers. It comes new power that calls itself the New Order which immediately accused the Communist Party of Indonesia as the brain behind this event and intends to overthrow the legitimate government and replace the national ideology into socialist-communist based. This accusation was once used as an excuse to replace the old government under President Sukarno. General Suharto became president in 1967 on the grounds to secure the country from the threat of communism. Meanwhile, Sukarno's own physical condition has weakened. After Suharto came to power, hundreds of thousands of Indonesian citizens suspected of engaging the communist party were killed, while many more citizens of Indonesia who were overseas, did not dare return to their homeland, and finally revoked his citizenship. Thirty-two year reign of Suharto's New Order called, while the reign of Sukarno called the Old Order.
Suharto implement neoliberal economic and successfully bring in massive foreign investment to enter Indonesia and produce great economic growth, though uneven. At the beginning of the New Order regime policies ekomomi Indonesia prepared by a group of economists graduate of the Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, who was called "Berkeley Mafia." However, Suharto and his family add to their wealth through corruption, collusion, and nepotism are widespread and he was eventually forced to step down from his post after massive demonstrations and the deteriorating economic conditions in 1998.
From 1998 to 2001, Indonesia had three presidents: Bacharuddin Jusuf (BJ) Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri. In the 2004 elections the world's largest one day was held and won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Indonesia is currently experiencing economic problems, political and religious strife in the country, and some areas trying to gain independence, particularly in Papua. East Timor finally officially broke away in 1999 after 24 years of union with Indonesia and 3 years in a country under UN administration of East Timor.
In December 2004 and March 2005, the Aceh and Nias hit by two major earthquakes that killed hundreds of thousands of people in total. (See the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the Sumatra earthquake in March 2005.) This incident was followed by the Yogyakarta earthquake and tsunami that hit Pangandaran Beach and its surrounding areas, and mud flood in Sidoarjo in 2006 that does not go unsolved.
From :: Wikipedia
